Topic: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

The two best pianos on the trend of sampled and modelated, Ivory is american concert D and Pianoteq is D4. Is not the same midi file, there are some mistakes but gives a fair comparison.

Synthogy Ivory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Bb0-7w5i5M

Pianoteq
D4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zE8RYdUJrUI

Bluthner
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KbJO8mxrirg

Upright
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZbZH07VgZE

Last edited by Rohade (17-04-2013 00:33)

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

It's kinda obvious as I'm on this board but I prefer Pianoteq, Ivory is good, beautiful sound and very similar to the real D but lacks so much moving and effects resulting of a real acoustic and it shows on the comparison.

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

Thanks for posting this. Two very different pianos and sounds. Hard to compare them, since they are so very different, and my impression is that the micing is different, and the sense of the room. Are the results very different if the same midi file is used? I understand the problems that can occur if a midi file is created using one library and then replayed using another library, but it might be worthwhile to hear, if we bore in mind the potential problems.

(Is it safe to assume that your dog did not play these pieces?)

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

Hey Jake what's up man, yeah dog is there just for the beauty factor as I'm the one playing. The recording was done by the sound card directly, no mic, no room, well at least on Ivory you can't change mic position I think. Is not the same mid file I played twice as the feeling is different on every software, thats why the mistakes are also different as well hehe, btw that was my first time uploading something played by me.

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

To me the Pianoteq recording sounds better. Both sound good, but I'm hearing more range and detail in the Pianoteq version.

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

I think i hear why many still prefer a sampled piano.
There is air around the sound on the sampled.
On Pianoteq there is this a kind of resonating inteference in the middle frequencies.
There is no space/air around the sound.

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

Thank you very much for this nice recording. I think, it shows us, what we just guessed:
A sampled Piano is a recording. In its better moments it sounds like a good recording, sometimes
it sounds like a not so good recording.

Physikal modelling is not "virtual reality", it is a Synthesizer, indeed. In its better moments, it sounds like a good Synthesizer, sometimes it sounds like a not so good Synthesizer.

The sampler has a lot of the room-quality of a good recording. Pianoteq like other Synthesizers has not. And the sampler obviously has some of the extremly complex noise-elements of a piano. Pianoteq not even tries to simulate that. Like other Synthesizers.

A Sampler is good, when you have not the money for a real grand piano. Pianoteq is good, when you use all
of its rich programming possibilitis.

And I can't see, that this will change with new versions. Sampled Pianos will do better, what they do in the future. And Pianoteq will do better, what it does, certainly.

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

Nice recordings, thank you.
It would be nice if you could also play this piece on the Blüthner, i think the gap between Pianoteq and Ivory would be smaller.

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

Thank for all your comments, Ill record it again with the Bluthner, I did it with the D4 first as the Ivory was a Steinway so the sound would be closer. That air between the notes on the Steinway is what I don't like that much as its not realistic or acoustic, Pianoteq resonances are what I like a lot when playing and listening and well, if there are bad resonances is probably my sloppy technique with the pedal as Pianoteq being more similar to a real Piano is more difficult to pedal, I just started playing after a long retirement a couple months ago and for first time on an acoustic and pedalling was a surprise to me, as digital pianos are easier to sound good with it. Ivory sounds like a nice recording indeed so its good for that.

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

Looking by the picture in each video, I supose the small dog prefers pianoteq, as he is looking a bit happier to the camera, while in the Ivory video he is looking to the floor (car seat)

Háa háaa....    :-)


Ok, seriously speaking, pianoteq today it's quite closer in tone to real pianos than 2 or 3 years ago, and this video cleary prove that.

I supose if you had named the pianoteq D4 as a Hi end sampler or real recording, and did the comparison using D4 and a pianoteq V2 version, sending the comparing back in time some years, many people would say that the "sampler" sounded natural as a real piano and V2 should one day reach this natural sound.


Pianoteq bluthner add-on have evan some more natural tone than D-4.  What about a third video using bluthner add-on for compare ???
Maybe Modartt folks could choose what they prefer as the best adjustments for voicing, mics, reverb etc... , to try to fit the recordins of the sampler.

The Steinway sampler have some natural metalic "noises" (nice metal "sound flicks"), but some peole may like it and some people may judge it as a small defect. A matter of taste so and not necessarilly a supreme statment  for superiority or inferiority.


Pianoteq also have the ability to create some few dislike for sampled piano's limitations, similar to what happens to pianists used to always play in real grand pianos, as it make our ears get attention the rich complex ressonances involved in a piano..


Was this Ivory I or Ivory II ???

Ivory II have some string ressonance and general sympathetic ressonance, but I heard it was not very well recreated.

Last edited by Beto-Music (24-02-2013 00:18)

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

Do you have more info on the settings you used in Ivory (soundboard et cetera)? This can make quite a significant difference.

On the whole, the sympathetic resonance in Ivory is not fantastic, certainly not nearly as good as Pianoteq. The soundboards differ greatly; the 'clean soundboard', for example, is extremely dry indeed, and doesn't sound like real-world piano behaviour at all.

On this recording, I did find that Pianoteq sounds a little closed-in on the really quiet passages (the opening bars, for example), but then Ivory sounds a little thin there. On the whole, I find Pianoteq more coherent-sounding here.

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

I think the real benefit of PTQ is its playability. Definitely a recorded sound is very reminiscent of the original, but the pleasure of playing will never be the same, while PTQ sounds like "real". According to me .... of course.

greetings

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

Hi, I used Ivory II American Concert D. Will record today on the Bluthner.

I used default settings on both and indeed clean soundboard is too clean to be a real piano, is like a recording when everything went too well.

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

This is the Bluthner version, I find the sound even better than the D4 yeah, is not the same midi, I prefer to play it again on every recording as every sound is different and brings new things to interpretation.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KbJO8mxrirg

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

Hi Rohade.

You did a excellent work once again.  The Bluthner sounded better, as we can see your dog get energized now.

Could be a good idea to update you first post in the top of this topic, to display there the three videos to allow to compare easier.


In the Ivory video, at exactly 2:00, you played a bit nicer in a moment, I refer about the bass note (G#) pressed at exactly 2:00.  That note gave a distinsion to this brief particular moment. The kind of small imperfection that gave some extra taste.

Last edited by Beto-Music (24-02-2013 02:44)

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

Thanks again Beto!, I'm glad you liked the Bluthner as well, to me it sounds with more body than the D4, but still love the D4 as well. I added the link the the first post.

Also ty so much for the comment on the interpretation, love and find interesting those little details a lot. In fact I forgot to ask in my post that if anyone have some comment on my play as well, please do it. I'm learning by myself and would like to have some feedback even if you love it or hate it or anything. I played a little bit when I was a child, took organ classes a couple years, then didnt play for 20 and then I got a digital piano, then software pianos, but I started seriously learning pieces and everything about three months ago when I got my first acoustic piano.

It's harder to sound good on an acoustic specially when recorded and that's good for software pianos, if you want to record, its hard to have a good acoustics in the room, mic the piano, tuning, etc. Both worlds are good but I learned to use the sustain pedal when I got a real piano, however, the sustain pedal is far more similar to Pianoteq than Ivory, Ivory forgives a lot of mistakes and still sounds good.

Last edited by Rohade (24-02-2013 12:48)

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

I found one segment that shows some space for improvemment to pianoteq.  See links bellow.
In these segments the Steinway recording (Ivory II) have a tone that fits very well, very melodic, with some nice deep sound on bass, and the note decay pleasant.  Well, hard to descrite in words. 
Bluthner handles better than D4, but still have some space for further upgrades.


Listen by yourself



Ivory from here to 20 sec latter:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=pl...i5M#t=137s



Bluthner from here to 20 sec latter :

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=pl...irg#t=131s

Last edited by Beto-Music (24-02-2013 19:04)

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

Rohade,

I forgot to ask--which preset for the Pianoteq D4 did you use? Did you change any of the parameters?

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

Hi yeah, default options on everything, and Beto, yean you are right, if there is some perk on Ivory, is the bass, is so, powerful, clean, in fact I played a D a couple months ago, a real one, and being used to Ivory I felt bass wass less powerful haha. That's something for Ivory yeah, even the lowest notes sound good. I still have to see that on a real acoustic, as on them is more similar to Bluthner.

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

Hi everybody,

First, let me say that i'm quite impressed by both Pianoteq D and Bluthner modelisation. I agree with Jake that the pianos are sounding very different. Experimentor made a point when he wrote that sampled piano and physical modelling can sound very good, but not so good too.

Personnaly I use virtual instruments for recording purpose. So most of the time I prefer a very good sampled (recorded) piano ( I own a «Vienna Imperial» Boesendorfer from Vienna Symphonic Library which have some less good sides too) rather then my Pianoteq virtual (synthetised) instrument. But I suppose that I would use most frequently my Pianoteq if I just wanted to play piano («better playability» argument).

From my point of view the Bluthner sounds less like a real piano than the D model (Pianoteq). The basses are very good, but the main difference with Pianoteq D is the perceived volume is much louder. This is probably the resulting of more compression (or more agressive limiter). As you know, higher perceived volume always seems to sound better. Less dynamic means more suitable for pop or jazz than classical music.

I must say in conclusion that I have never found a really satisfying combinason (electronic keyboard and virtual instrument ) that can compete with my grand piano (touch, presence, resonance, etc..). But it is so difficult to make good real piano recording ...

Thank you Rhoade for sharing these nice recordings.

CB

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

Thanks for your comment, I think I agree with your words, we have to divide the analysis on two different facts, Playing and Recording. I mean, still no sampled nor modelated Piano has the presence, resonance and some things of a real Piano, but on the recording matter, well, even recording the best acoustic Piano is an expensive pain, I'd say Pianoteq is for sure in the middle on playability between acoustics and sampled, and is still undecided on recording?, something like.

Playability: Acoustic - Pianoteq - Ivory
Recording: Pianoteq or Ivory? - Acoustics.

Not only Pianoteq is the closests software Piano in the playabilty for me, but also you have to apply closer techniques to the real thing, as I said before, Ivory is so forgiving you can mash the board, stomp the pedal to the metal the whole song and I think it will still sound clean haha. it kinda feels like cheating. But I miss the resonances and nuances when recorded, in a mix I guess it would be the best.

About recording acoustics, I'm so glad for software pianos existence on that matter, just look at my first try to record my acoustic, an old Erard 1/4 grand from 1900 something, I didn't even had equipment, used camera mic, didn't open the lid and of course it didn't sound as pleasant when recorded, there is even background noise. I asked my wife who so far is my only public live and she says she prefers the acoustic live, I do as well, but recorded Pianoteq and Ivory has an advantage, I think I agree on that.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jKX5pycR3k Nocturne is on 2:42

Last edited by Rohade (26-02-2013 06:31)

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

Hi Rohade,

I could not resist trying the same Chopin nocturne with my piano-based samples (Vienna Imperial), just to compare the sound. [only first 26 bars]

The play is not as interesting and personal as yours. Make this piece in real time would be well above my piano skills! I was inspired in part by the version of C. Arrau.

The Vienna Imperial is a true giant (over 100 velocities and 1200 samples by note). As the Boesendorfer real piano, tone is very special. Looks like he inherited some colors of his ancestors, the 19th century pianoforte. It can be a bit rustic and some folks will not like this. In addition, the unison is sometimes surprisingly loose. But it also has great qualities. He shared with his brother in real life, a very characteristic singing tone, gorgeous basses, rich resonnances, etc. And the Vienna Library team did a wonderful job in capturing all this.

I choose two of the three microphone positions available:

Player version is here: https://www.box.com/s/td4dj9u72jm3lm65pv34
Distant version (Audience) is here: https://www.box.com/s/mnshrucozc7ugmtptq1z

For this type of music, I prefer the Distant perspective. It sounds more like a CD classical recording. The energy of the hammer (their percussive aspect, especially for the low and medieum) is less aggressive.

This virtual instrument is clearly the closest to the real recordings I tried to do with my own grand piano.
I hope you'll enjoy it.

===============
Addendum: To facilitate comparison, here's a version with Pianoteq (D4 Classical BA): https://www.box.com/s/slzzrgd4euvjeu6fr6sl
I used the same midi file, but I adjusted the two pianos as possible to keep the same dynamics and the same volume. We immediately recognize the great qualities of Pianoteq (coherence, precision, etc.), but also it sounds is a little bit synthetic despite impressive improvements in recent versions.

Last edited by ClaudeBel (03-03-2013 21:02)

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

"Recording: Pianoteq or Ivory? - Acoustics."

I'm not shure, if I understand exaktly, what you mean: I think, it's beyound any discussion, that
you can't record serious Piano Music with a Digital Piano. I can't imagine, that anyone will
offer a recording of Debussy Preludes with a Digital.
I can only imagine a Digital in a situation, where the quality of the sound doesn't matter.

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

To Experimentor: Many professionals prefer to record on software pianos rather than an acoustic one, it is less trouble and the sound they get in the software piano is what they want to achieve by micing the acoustic piano. The world of music and professional music is bigger than the classical world, sometimes piano goes in a mix, etc. And yet the are professional recordings and competitions of classical music on software pianos, it's growing up.

ClaudeBel: It's so cool you uploaded that, Vienna Imperial is hard to come by and there are not many examples of it and I have always been a bit curious about it, I like how it sounds, seems the many velocity samples pay off, I bet is fun to play.

PD: Here are some Debussy preludes and others, on the Bluethner.

http://www.pianoteq.com/listen_ecompetition

Last edited by Rohade (04-03-2013 13:32)

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

One problem, at least in my country in smaller cities, is that a good piano tunner it's becaming quite rare.
 
Professinal rcording require goods mic, a sound engineer, and a piano tunner to tune the piano before performance.

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

To ROHADE:

Yes,  digital piano sounds are used in the mix in popular music. Thanks for remembering, I first mentioned it in the mid80', on the album Big Generator of Yes, a Roland MKS is used. 

But in a pop-mix, the real expressive Piano is NOT WANTED! When these people use a real piano, they often
manipulate the recording in a way, that it finaly sounds like a Digital. So taking a Digital will make sense, but
this has nothing to do with piano culture: Not a piano, only the smell of the piano is wanted, it's like adding a flavour to a soup. When you want that, it's not worth the time to discuss pianoteq 3 vs 4 or synthology I vs II. Nor on wooden keyboard and advanced midi. The piano sounds for pop music are fine since decades.

I work a lot with digital and acustical pianos, and I'm still shocked, how little they have in common, apart from
their sonic surface.

And yes, there are recordings of Debussy Preludes in this forum, I mentioned it. Have you compared them with
a good acustical recording?

I don't think, that someone, who works seriously with piano music in the classical or jazz field will record with something other then the real thing.

Last edited by Experimentor (04-03-2013 20:02)

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

What I mean is that not everyone goal is to produce and launch a hardcore classical dvd, and people with that goal would never find troubling recording from a tuned piano on a nice studio, is their profession and job. But for some people without a commercial goal in mind who doesn't have access to a professional studio may be easier to just record on Pianoteq or Ivory pianos rather than spending a lot of time or even money on studios is ok.

Some pros even do recordings on it, Jordan Rudess is not pop and he said he had an Stainway D on his home,  and prefered recording with Ivory on Dream Theater albums as it sounded like a very well mic'ed Steinway D, Alicia Keys, maybe to promote it who knows, recorded an album on her software version of her piano. that's pretty much my point. I wasn't talking about only pop when I was talking about a mix, some people may prefer to record, even pros or commercial projects, on software pianos, look at Mistheria, he has really cool projects using Pianoteq and they guy rocks, also regular people who don't want the hassle of a perfect acoustic sound or don't want to pay for session, record with software pianos, they sound good recorded. I recorded my nocturne on my acoustic, my recording mic was camera, it wasnt in an studio and so on, so the Pianoteq version sounds more clear, on live the acoustic sounds better and different. If I would have good recording gear and conditions I'd love so much to record it on my acoustic.

I, as you, find a lot of differences playing an acoustic Piano and software ones, but on recording I think the difference is not that noticeable.

Last edited by Rohade (04-03-2013 21:51)

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

Rohade wrote:

It's so cool you uploaded that, Vienna Imperial is hard to come by and there are not many examples of it and I have always been a bit curious about it, I like how it sounds, seems the many velocity samples pay off, I bet is fun to play.

I think the Vienna Imperial playability is close to the Pianoteq.

Fun? Well, not really for me. I have a very good concert grand at home and nothing can even approaching to it (from a player perspective). I think that hardware components are much more important here than software instruments. The way the sound is physically transfer to my ears and my body as a player is a big factor. Speakers (or headphone) can be very good but the way they produce sonic field is completely different than a real instrument. And, as I mentioning in my first post, electronic keyboards are dull (I tried a lot of models).

But things are completely different from an audience perspective. No need to preserve feeling of the piano's vibrations throw my fingers and my arms to my whole body. Just an instrument playing by someone else at a certain distance from me. Neither, concert hall, CD or virtual instruments are well suite to give us a player perspective. But this audience perspective is as important as the player's one. Sampled or modelling pianos quality can be as good and as bad as good or bad halls, pianos, speakers, recording, etc. But working to make it sounds «great» (depending on personnal taste, music style, etc.) is certainly a reasonable and realistic goal.

For a limited pianist like me, midi editing is a necessity (not just for classical repertory, but for exploring and rendering my own musical ideas too).

[Sorry for my bad english!]

Last edited by ClaudeBel (05-03-2013 00:12)

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

I completely agree with you.
1. Having also a good grand (not a very, very good, but enough for me!), nothing can beat this feeling.
2. For performances where there is no piano available, Pianoteq is the best replacement for playablility. Adjustment of the keyboard's touch response is of the utmost importance.
3. Until recently, for recordings where the piano has to sit "in a mix", I used both, depending on the kind of music: Pianoteq or sampled pianos. But since the D4, it's always Pianoteq now. INterestingly, I often go for a "Bösendorfer challenge" preset though!
4. For classical recordings of solo piano... well, it will always be a real one, and preferably a "D" ! No choice, in fact... ;-)

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

What about the acoustic of a piano like that?


PunBB bbcode test


370i by Klavins Pianos





Or Mammoth Piano:

PunBB bbcode test


http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=pl...BgehLDM9ew





This gentleman clains to have invented a upright with qualities of a Grand piano:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=pl...d5fc6eKWqA


Pay attention to the mechanism.

http://www.dreams.org/staff/composer/mu...ch-action/

PunBB bbcode test

PunBB bbcode test


A spring brings the jack back very shortly after strike, allowing very fast repetition.

Last edited by Beto-Music (06-03-2013 02:13)

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

I love the new upright, is an improvement towards the sound of a real acoustic, there are resonances that weren't before, plus the attack is better and sound is more similar to real thing.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZbZH07VgZE

Dog is happier than ever.

Last edited by Rohade (17-04-2013 00:36)

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

Very nice. This recording brings out the resonances of which you speak.

(Is your dog wearing turquoise contact lenses?)

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

Oh yeah!, he is a very fashion dog.

And related Pianoteq, I wish they would totally update every piano to the latest technology, maybe on version 5?. For now seems to be Upright, then Bluthner, then D4, others. I for certain feel that Upright is better than Ivory.

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

Rohade wrote:

I love the new upright, is an improvement towards the sound of a real acoustic, there are resonances that weren't before, plus the attack is better and sound is more similar to real thing.

...
Dog is happier than ever.

Sounds really lovely. I can understand why your dog is happier than ever . (My cat has not nearly such fashionable eyes, so if you take a picture in the dark it can be glooomily neon-green-metallic - spoooky^^. But this Nocturne with D4, Bluethner or the U4 would calm the cat immediately, so cat and dog would be happy.)

Thanks for this great thread! A pleasure to listen to all the examples you all provide.

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

U4 shines here.

The dog is a good listener, and should be used to make a advertise comercial for pianoteq.

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

Is there any chance you could upload one of your recordings as .mid so that I could try it in the Pianoteq player?

I can't seem to make Pianoteq sound as pretty as all the recordings and demos are online. Perhaps it's an issue with the velocity curve? I'm using Yamaha P-35.

As a sample, I just recorded this with the D4 Daily Practice preset, do you think it sounds fine? http://d.pr/a/9gtG

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

What does sound fine is your ornaments, they're admirable. You aren't detaching notes much, could inject more variety along those lines, up to you what way (for what artistic purpose), but basically what I'm getting at is legato is plain, where detachment can be various, both in stretches of it, and in contrast with legato.

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

custral wrote:

What does sound fine is your ornaments, they're admirable. You aren't detaching notes much, could inject more variety along those lines, up to you what way (for what artistic purpose), but basically what I'm getting at is legato is plain, where detachment can be various, both in stretches of it, and in contrast with legato.

I noticed D4 Classical BA sounds decent, but in general Pianoteq sounds very much like the sound is coming from inside a box. The demos sound good though. Using the "Punchy" preset in the equalizer adds clarity but the demos are supposedly using default presets.

So why is that when I use Pianoteq Stage on my Mac the sound is lacking clarity?

(Sorry to hijack the thread.)

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

I have neither Mac nor Stage (Pro, sorry, and don't know what features Stage does/doesn't make available to you). However, the Classical BA actually is modeled within a modeled 'box' of sorts, the pianoforte case. Plus when I click on the little microphone icon on (Pro's) Microphone button, the representation I see shows the lid of this grand fully open, with two mikes (of a potential 5)drawn up in stereo config facing the lid-as-reflector some two metres away. Small wonder you'd get Box and Unclear out of that sampling of the soundfield, and if Stage won't let you explore better arrangements, which definitely exist, maybe have a think about upgrading.

ADDED : The point is your ability to change what you hear to what you like better, and you're clearly pecking right at it !

Last edited by custral (18-06-2013 05:54)

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

True keys, is a bit on the low volume side, thats my fault

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7YqL19iMq0

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

Very low on volume. Could you re-record or re-render it?

Re: Chopin nocturne posth c# minor on Upright and others.

Interesting to compare the different performances, samples vs modelling.

And I love this Nocturne. Recently I have typeset a lesser known version of the score of this Nocturne using LilyPond. The original manuscript is in a museum in Mallorca. For who is interested: My copy can be found here:

https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/439...s-moll.pdf

This is the version I personally prefer, but I can understand why very few people play this version...